2020年研究生入学统一考试试题（英语一）
Section
I
Use
of
English
Directions：
Read
the
following
text.
Choose
the
best
word
(s)
for
each
numbered
blank
and
mark
A,
B,
C
or
D
on
the
ANSWER
SHEET.
(10
points)
Even
if
families
don＇t
sit
down
to
eat
together
as
frequently
as
before,
millions
of
Britons
will
nonetheless
have
got
a
share
this
weekend
of
one
of
that
nation＇s
great
traditions;
the
Sunday
roast.
__1__
a
cold
winter＇s
day,
few
culinary
pleasures
can
2
it.
Yet
as
we
report
now,
the
food
police
are
determined
our
health.
That
this__3__should
be
rendered
yet
another
guilty
pleasure
__4__
to
damage
our
health.
The
Food
Standards
Authority
(FSA)
has
__5__
a
public
warning
about
the
risks
of
a
compound
called
acrylamide
that
forms
in
some
foods
cooked
__6__
high
temperatures.
This
means
that
people
should
__7__
crisping
their
roast
potatoes,
spurn
thin-crust
pizzas
and
only
__8__
toast
their
bread.
But
where
is
the
evidence
to
support
such
alarmist
advice?
__9__
studies
have
shown
that
acrylamide
can
cause
neurological
damage
in
mice,
there
is
no
__10__
evidence
that
it
causes
cancer
in
humans.
Scientists
say
the
compound
is
“__11__
to
be
carcinogenic“
but
have
no
hard
scientific
proof.
__12__
the
precautionary
principle,
it
could
be
argued
that
it
is
__13__
to
follow
the
FSA
advice.
__14__,
it
was
rumored
that
smoking
caused
cancer
for
years
before
the
evidence
was
found
to
prove
a
__15__.
Doubtless
a
piece
of
boiled
beef
can
always
be
__16__
up
on
Sunday
alongside
some
steamed
vegetables,
without
the
Yorkshire
pudding
and
no
wine.
But
would
life
be
worth
living?
__17__,
the
FSA
says
it
is
not
telling
people
to
cut
out
roast
foods
__18__,
but
to
reduce
their
lifetime
intake.
However,
their
__19__
risks
coming
across
as
exhortation
and
nannying.
Constant
health
scares
just
__20__
with
no
one
listening.
1.
[A]
In
[B]
Towards
[C]
On
[D]
Till
2.
[A]
match
[B]
express
[C]
satisfy[D]
influence
3.
[A]
patience
[B]
enjoyment
[C]
surprise
[D]
concern
4.
[A]
intensified
[B]
privileged
[C]
compelled
[D]
guaranteed
5.
[A]
issued[B]
received
[C]
ignored
[D]
canceled
6.
[A]
under[B]
at[C]
for
[D]
by
7.
[A]
forget[B]
regret
[C]
finish[D]
avoid
8.
[A]
partially
[B]
regularly[C]
easily[D]
initially
9.
[A]
Unless
[B]
Since
[C]
If[D]
While
10.
[A]
secondary
[B]
external
[C]
inconclusive[D]
negative
11.
[A]
insufficient
[B]
bound[C]
likely[D]
slow
12.
[A]
On
the
basis
of
[B]
At
the
cost
of
[C]
In
addition
to
[D]
In
contrast
to
13.
[A]
interesting
[B]
advisable[C]
urgent[D]
fortunate
14.
[A]
As
usual
[B]
In
particular
[C]
By
definition
[D]
After
all
15.
[A]
resemblance
[B]
combination
[C]
connection[D]
pattern
16.
[A]
made
[B]
served[C]
saved[D]
used
17.
[A]
To
be
fair
[B]
For
instance
[C]
To
be
brief[D]
in
general
18.
[A]
reluctantly
[B]
entirely
[C]
gradually
[D]
carefully
19.
[A]
promise
[B]
experience
[C]
campaign
[D]
competition
20.
[A]
follow
up
[B]
pick
up[C]
open
up
[D]
end
up
Section
Ⅱ
Reading
Comprehension
Part
A
Directions:
Read
the
following
four
texts.
Answer
the
questions
below
each
text
by
choosing
A,
B,
C
or
D.
Mark
your
answers
on
the
ANSWER
SHEET.
（40
points）
Text
1
A
group
of
labour
MPs,
among
them
Yvette
Cooper,
are
bringing
in
the
new
year
with
a
call
to
institute
a
UK
“town
of
culture“
award.
The
proposal
is
that
it
should
sit
alongside
the
existing
city
of
culture
title,
which
was
held
by
Hull
in
2017
and
has
been
awarded
to
Coventry
for
zoz1.
Cooper
and
her
colleagues
argue
that
the
success
of
the
crown
for
Hull,
where
it
brought
in
￡220m
of
investment
and
an
avalanche
of
arts,
out
not
to
be
confined
to
cities.
Britain＇
town,
it
is
true
are
not
prevented
from
applying,
but
they
generally
lack
the
resources
to
put
together
a
bit
to
beat
their
bigger
competitions.
A
town
of
culture
award
could,
it
is
argued,
become
an
annual
event,
attracting
funding
and
creating
jobs.
Some
might
see
the
proposal
as
a
boo
by
prize
for
the
fact
that
Britain
is
no
longer
be
able
to
apply
for
the
much
more
prestigious
title
of
European
capital
of
culture,
a
sough-after
award
bagged
by
Glasgow
in
1990
and
Liverpool
in
2008.
A
cynic
might
speculate
that
the
UK
is
on
the
verge
of
disappearing
into
an
endless
fever
of
self-celebration
in
its
desperation
to
reinvent
itself
for
the
post-Brexit
world:
after
town
of
culture,
who
knows
that
will
follow-village
of
culture?
Suburb
of
culture?
Hamlet
of
culture?
It
is
also
wise
to
recall
that
such
titles
are
not
a
cure-all.
A
badly
run
“year
of
culture“
washes
in
and
out
of
a
place
like
the
tide,
bringing
prominence
for
a
spell
but
leaving
no
lasting
benefits
to
the
community.
The
really
successful
holders
of
such
titles
are
those
that
do
a
great
deal
more
than
fill
hotel
bedrooms
and
bring
in
high-profile
arts
events
and
good
press
for
a
year.
They
transform
the
aspirations
of
the
people
who
live
there;
they
nudge
the
self-image
of
the
city
into
a
bolder
and
more
optimistic
light.
It
is
hard
to
get
right,
and
requires
a
remarkable
degree
of
vision,
as
well
as
cooperation
between
city
authorities,
the
private
sector,
community.
groups
and
cultural
organisations.
But
it
can
be
done:
Glasgow＇s
year
as
European
capital
of
culture
can
certainly
be
seen
as
one
of
complex
series
of
factors
that
have
turned
the
city
into
the
power
of
art,
music
and
theatre
that
it
remains
today.
A
“town
of
culture“
could
be
not
just
about
the
arts
but
about
honoring
a
town＇s
peculiarities-helping
sustain
its
high
street,
supporting
local
facilities
and
above
all
celebrating
its
people
and
turn
it
into
action.21.Copper
and
her
colleague
argue
that
a
“town
of
culture“
award
would
___.
A.
consolidate
the
town
city
ties
in
Britain
B.
promote
cooperation
among
Brain＇s
towns
C.
increase
the
economic
strength
of
Brain＇s
towns
D.
focus
Brain＇s
limited
resources
on
cultural
events.
22.According
to
paragraph
2,
the
proposal
might
be
regarded
by
some
as
______..
A.
a
sensible
compromise
B.
a
self-deceiving
attempt
C.
an
eye-catching
bonus
D.
an
inaccessible
target
23.
The
author
suggests
that
a
title
holder
is
successful
only
if
it
______
A.
endeavor
to
maintain
its
image
B.
meets
the
aspiration
of
its
people
C.
brings
its
local
arts
to
prominence
D.
commits
to
its
long-term
growth
24.
“Glasgow”
is
mentioned
in
Paragraph
3
to
present
______
A.
a
contrasting
case
B.
a
supporting
example
C.
a
background
story
D.
a
related
topic
25.
What
is
the
author＇s
attitude
towards
the
proposal?
A.
Skeptical
B.
Objective
C.
Favorable
D.
CriticalText
2
Scientific
publishing
has
long
been
a
licence
to
print
money.
Scientists
need
joumals
in
which
to
publish
their
research,
so
they
will
supply
the
articles
without
monetary
reward.
Other
scientists
perform
the
specialised
work
of
peer
review
also
for
free,
because
it
is
a
central
element
in
the
acquisition
of
status
and
the
production
of
scientific
knowledge.
With
the
content
of
papers
secured
for
free,
the
publisher
needs
only
find
a
market
for
its
journal.
Until
this
century,
university
libraries
were
not
very
price
sensitive.
Scientific
publishers
routinely
report
profit
margins
approaching
40%
on
their
operations,
at
a
time
when
the
rest
of
the
publishing
industry
is
in
an
existential
crisis.
The
Dutch
giant
Elsevier,
which
claims
to
publish
25%
of
the
scientific
papers
produced
in
the
world
,
made
profits
of
more
than
￡900m
last
year,
while
UK
universities
alone
spent
more
than
￡210m
in
2016
to
enable
researchers
to
access
their
own
publicly
funded
research;
both
figures
seem
to
rise
unstoppably
despite
increasingly
desperate
efforts
to
change
them.
The
most
drastic,
and
thoroughly
illegal,
reaction
has
been
the
emergence
of
Sci-Hub,
a
kind
of
global
photocopier
for
scientific
papers,
set
up
in
2012,
which
now
claims
to
offer
access
to
every
paywalled
article
published
since
2015.
The
success
of
Sci-Hub,
which
relies
on
researchers
passing
on
copies
they
have
themselves
legally
accessed,
shows
the
legal
ecosystem
has
lost
legitimacy
among
its
users
and
must
be
transformed
so
that
it
works
for
all
participants.
In
Britain
the
move
towards
open
access
publishing
has
been
driven
by
funding
bodies.
In
some
ways
it
has
been
very
successful.
More
than
half
of
all
British
scientific
research
is
now
published
under
open
access
terms:
either
freely
available
from
the
moment
of
publication,
or
paywalled
for
a
year
or
more
so
that
the
publishers
can
make
a
profit
before
being
placed
on
general
release.
Yet
the
new
system
has
not
worked
out
any
cheaper
for
the
universities.
Publishers
have
responded
to
the
demand
that
they
make
their
product
free
to
readers
by
charging
their
writers
fees
to
cover
the
costs
of
preparing
an
article.
These
range
from
around
￡500
to
$5,000.
A
report
last
year
pointed
out
that
the
costs
both
of
subscriptions
and
of
these
“article
preparation
costs”
had
been
steadily
rising
at
a
rate
above
inflation.
In
some
ways
the
scientific
publishing
model
resembles
the
economy
of
the
social
internet:
labour
is
provided
free
in
exchange
for
the
hope
of
status,
while
huge
profits
are
made
by
a
few
big
firms
who
run
the
market
places.
In
both
cases,
we
need
a
rebalancing
of
power.
26.
Scientific
publishing
is
seen
as“a
licence
to
print
money“
partly
because________
[A]
its
funding
has
enjoyed
a
steady
increase
.
[B]
its
marketing
strategy
has
been
successful.
[C]
its
payment
for
peer
review
is
reduced.
[D]
its
content
acquisition
costs
nothing.
27.
According
to
Paragraphs
2
and
3,
scientific
publishers
Elsevier
have________
[A]
thrived
mainly
on
university
libraries.
[B]
gone
through
an
existential
crisis.
[C]
revived
the
publishing
industry.
[D]
financed
researchers
generously.
28.
How
does
the
author
feel
about
the
success
of
Sci-Hub?
[A]
Relieved.
[B]
Puzzled.
[C]
Concerned
[D]
Encouraged.
29.
It
can
be
learned
from
Paragraphs
5
and
6
that
open
access
terms________
[A]allow
publishers
some
room
to
make
money.
[B]
render
publishing
much
easier
for
scientists.
[C]
reduce
the
cost
of
publication
substantially.
[D]
free
universities
from
financial
burdens.
30.
Which
of
the
following
characteristics
the
scientific
publishing
model?
[A]
Trial
subscription
is
offered.
[B]
Labour
triumphs
over
status.
[C]
Costs
are
well
controlled.
D]
The
few
feed
on
the
many.Text
3
Progressives
often
support
diversity
mandates
as
a
path
to
equality
and
a
way
to
level
the
playing
field.
But
all
too
often
such
policies
are
an
insincere
form
of
virtue-signaling
that
benefits
only
the
most
privileged
and
does
little
to
help
average
people.
A
pair
of
bills
sponsored
by
Massachusetts
state
Senator
Jason
Lewis
and
House
Speaker
Pro
Tempore
Patricia
Haddad,
to
ensure
“gender
parity“
on
boards
and
commissions,
provide
a
case
in
point.
Haddad
and
Lewis
are
concerned
that
more
than
half
the
state-government
boards
are
less
than
40
percent
female.
In
order
to
ensure
that
elite
women
have
more
such
opportunities,
they
have
proposed
imposing
government
quotas.
If
the
bills
become
law,
state
boards
and
commissions
will
be
required
to
set
aside
50
percent
of
board
seats
for
women
by
2022.
The
bills
are
similar
to
a
measure
recently
adopted
in
Califomia,
which
last
year
became
the
first
state
to
require
gender
quotas
for
private
companies.
In
signing
the
measure,
California
Governor
Jerry
Brown
admitted
that
the
law,
which
expressly
classifies
people
on
the
basis
of
sex,
is
probably
unconstitutional.
The
US
Supreme
Court
frowns
on
sex-based
classifications
unless
they
are
designed
to
address
an
“important“
policy
interest,
Because
the
California
law
applies
to
all
boards,
even
where
there
is
no
history
of
prior
discrimination,
courts
are
likely
to
rule
that
the
law
violates
the
constitutional
guarantee
of
“equal
protection“.
But
are
such
government
mandates
even
necessary?
Female
participation
on
corporate
boards
may
not
currently
mirror
the
percentage
of
women
in
the
general
population,
but
so
what?
The
number
of
women
on
corporate
boards
has
been
steadily
increasing
without
government
interference.
According
to
a
study
by
Catalyst,
between
2010
and
2015
the
share
of
women
on
the
boards
of
global
corporations
increased
by
54
percent.
Requiring
companies
to
make
gender
the
primary
qualification
for
board
membership
will
inevitably
lead
to
less
experienced
private
sector
boards.
That
is
exactly
what
happened
when
Norway
adopted
a
nationwide
corporate
gender
quota.
Writing
in
The
New
Republic,
Alice
Lee
notes
that
increasing
the
number
of
opportunities
for
board
membership
without
increasing
the
pool
of
qualified
women
to
serve
on
such
boards
has
led
to
a
“golden
skirt
“phenomenon,
where
the
same
elite
women
scoop
up
multiple
seats
on
a
variety
of
boards.
Next
time
somebody
pushes
corporate
quotas
as
a
way
to
promote
gender
equity,
remember
that
such
policies
are
largely
self-serving
measures
that
make
their
sponsors
feel
good
but
do
little
to
help
average
women.
31.
The
author
believes
that
the
bills
sponsored
by
Lewis
and
Haddad
wills________
[A]
help
little
to
reduce
gender
bias.
[B]
pose
a
threat
to
the
state
government.
[C]
raise
women＇s
position
in
politics.
[D]
greatly
broaden
career
options.
32.
Which
of
the
following
is
true
of
the
California
measure?
[A]
It
has
irritated
private
business
owners.
[B]
It
is
welcomed
by
the
Supreme
Court,
[C]
It
may
go
against
the
Constitution.
[D]
It
will
settle
the
prior
controversies.
33.
The
author
mentions
the
study
by
Catalyst
to
illustrate____
[A]
the
harm
from
arbitrary
board
decision.
[B]
the
importance
of
constitutional
guarantees.
[C]
the
pressure
on
women
in
global
corporations.
[D]
the
needlessness
of
government
interventions.
34.
Norway＇s
adoption
of
a
nationwide
corporate
gender
quota
has
led
to____
[A]
the
underestimation
of
elite
women＇s
role.
[B]
the
objection
to
female
participation
on
boards.
[C]
the
entry
of
unqualified
candidates
into
the
board.
[D]
the
growing
tension
between
labor
and
management.
35.
Which
of
the
following
can
be
inferred
from
the
text?
[A]
Women＇s
need
in
employment
should
be
considered.
[B]
Feasibility
should
be
a
prime
concern
in
policymaking.
[C]
Everyone
should
try
hard
to
promote
social
justice.
[D]
Major
social
issues
should
be
the
focus
of
legislation.Text
4
Last
Thursday,
the
French
Senate
passed
a
digital
services
tax,
which
would
impose
an
entirely
new
tax
on
large
multinationals
that
provide
digital
services
to
consumers
or
users
in
France.
Digital
services
include
everything
from
providing
a
platform
for
selling
goods
and
services
online
to
targeting
advertising
based
on
user
data,
and
the
tax
applies
to
gross
revenue
from
such
servces.
Many
French
politicians
and
media
outlets
have
referred
to
this
as
a“GAFA
tax,“
meaning
that
it
is
designed
to
apply
primarily
to
companies
such
as
Google,
Apple,
Facebook
and
Amazon-
in
other
words,
multinational
tech
companies
based
in
the
United
States.
The
digital
services
tax
now
awaits
the
signature
of
President
Emmanuel
Macron,
who
has
expressed
support
for
the
measure,
and
it
could
go
into
effect
within
the
next
few
weeks.
But
it
has
already
sparked
significant
controversy,
with
the
Unite
Sates
trade
representative
opening
an
investigation
into
whether
the
tax
discriminates
against
American
companies,
which
in
turn
could
lead
to
trade
sanctions
against
France.
The
French
tax
is
not
just
a
unilateral
move
by
one
country
in
need
of
revenue.
Instead,
the
digital
services
tax
is
part
of
a
much
larger
trend,
with
countries
over
the
past
few
years
proposing
or
putting
in
place
an
alphabet
soup
of
new
international
tax
provisions.
These
have
included
Britain＇s
DPT
(diverted
profits
tax),
Australia＇s
MAAL
(multinational
antiavoidance
law),
and
India＇s
SEP
(significant
economic
presence)
test,
to
name
but
a
few.
At
the
same
time,
the
European
Union,
Spain,
Britain
and
several
other
countries
have
all
seriously
contemplated
digital
services
taxes.
These
unilateral
developments
differ
in
their
specifics,
but
they
are
all
designed
to
tax
multinationals
on
income
and
revenue
that
countries
believe
they
should
have
a
right
to
tax,
even
if
international
tax
rules
do
not
grant
them
that
right.
In
other
words,
they
all
share
a
view
that
the
international
tax
system
has
failed
to
keep
up
with
the
current
economy.
In
response
to
these
many
unilateral
measures,
the
Organization
for
Economic
Cooperation
and
Development
(OECD)
is
currently
working
with
131
countries
to
reach
a
consensus
by
the
end
of
2020
on
an
international
solution.
Both
France
and
the
United
States
are
involved
in
the
organization＇
s
work,
but
France＇s
digital
services
tax
and
the
American
response
raise
questions
about
what
the
future
holds
for
the
international
tax
system.
France`s
planned
tax
is
a
clear
warning:
Unless
a
broad
consensus
can
be
reached
on
reforming
the
international
tax
system,
other
nations
are
likely
to
follow
suit,
and
American
companies
will
face
a
cascade
of
different
taxes
from
dozens
of
nations
that
will
prove
burdensome
and
costly.
36.
The
French
Senate
has
passed
a
bill
to_____
[A]
regulate
digital
services
platforms.
[B]
protect
French
companies＇
interests.
[C]
impose
a
levy
on
tech
multinationals.
[D]
curb
the
influence
of
advertising.
37.
It
can
be
learned
from
Paragraph
2
that
the
digital
services
tax
_____
[A]
may
trigger
countermeasures
against
France.
[B]
is
apt
to
arouse
criticism
at
home
and
abroad.
[C]
aims
to
ease
international
trade
tensions.
[D]
will
prompt
the
tech
giants
to
quit
France.
38.
The
countries
adopting
the
unilateral
measures
share
the
opinion
that
_____
[A]
redistribution
of
tech
giants＇
revenue
must
be
ensured.
[B]
the
current
international
tax
system
needs
upgrading.
[C]
tech
multinationals＇
monopoly
should
be
prevented.
[D]
all
countries
ought
to
enjoy
equal
taxing
rights.
39.
It
can
be
learned
from
Para
5
that
the
OECO＇s
current
work_____[A]
is
being
resisted
by
US
companies.
[B]
needs
to
be
readjusted
immediately.
[C]
is
faced
with
uncertain
prospects.
[D]
needs
to
in
involve
more
countries.
40.
Which
of
the
following
might
be
the.
best
title
for
this
text?
[A]
France
Is
Confronted
with
Trade
Sanctions
[B]
France
leads
the
charge
on
Digital
Tax
[C]
France
Says
“NO“
to
Tech
Multinationals
[D]
France
Demands
a
Role
in
the
Digital
Economy
Part
B
Directions:
In
the
following
text,
some
sentences
have
been
removed.
For
Questions
41
-45,
choose
the
most
suitable
one
from
the
fist
A-G
to
fit
into
each
of
the
numbered
blanks.
There
are
two
extra
choices,
which
do
not
fit
in
any
of
the
gaps.
Mark
your
answers
on
ANSWER
SHEET.
(10
points)
[A]
Eye
fixactions
are
brief
[B]
Too
much
eye
contact
is
instinctively
felt
to
be
rude
[C]
Eye
contact
can
be
a
friendly
social
signal
[D]
Personality
can
affect
how
a
person
reacts
to
eye
contact
[E]
Biological
factors
behind
eye
contact
are
being
investigated
[F]
Most
people
are
not
comfortable
holding
eye
contact
with
strangers
[G]
Eye
contact
can
also
be
aggressive.In
a
social
situation,
eye
contact
with
another
person
can
show
that
you
are
paying
attention
in
a
friendly
way.
But
it
can
also
be
antagonistic
such
as
when
a
political
candidate
tums
toward
their
competitor
during
a
debate
and
makes
eye
contact
that
signals
hostility.
Here
＇s
what
hard
science
reveals
about
eye
contact:
41.
________________
We
know
that
a
typical
infant
will
instinctively
gaze
into
its
mother＇s
eyes,
and
she
will
look
back
.
This
mutual
gaze
is
a
major
part
of
the
attachment
between
mother
and
child.
In
adulthood,
looking
someone
else
in
a
pleasant
way
can
be
a
complimentary
sign
of
paying
attention.
It
can
catch
someone＇s
attention
in
a
crowded
room,
“Eye
contact
and
smile“
can
signal
availability
and
confidence,
a
common-sense
notion
supported
in
studies
by
psychologist
Monica
Moore.
42.________
Neuroscientist
Bonnie
Augeung
found
that
the
hormone
oxytocin
increased
the
amount
of
eye
contact
from
men
toward
the
interviewer
during
a
brief
interview
when
the
direction
of
their
gaze
was
recorded.
This
was
also
found
in
high-
functioning
men
with
some
autistic
spectrum
symptoms,
who
may
tend
to
avoid
eye
contact.
Specific
brain
regions
that
respond
during
direct
gaze
are
being
explored
by
other
researches,
using
advanced
methods
of
brain
scanning.
43.________
With
the
use
of
eye-tracking
technology,
Julia
Minson
of
the
Harvard
Kennedy
School
of
Government
concluded
that
eye
contact
can
signal
very
different
kinds
of
messages,
depending
on
the
situation
While
eye
contact
may
be
a
sign
of
connection
or
trust
in
friendly
situations,
it＇s
more
likely
to
be
associated
with
dominance
OF
intimidation
in
adversarial
situations.
Whether
you＇re
a
politician
or
a
parent,
it
might
be
helpful
to
keep
＇in
mind
that
trying
to
maintain
eye
contact
may
backfire
if
you＇re
trying
to
convince
someone
who
has
a
different
set
of
beliefs
than
you,“
said
Minson.
44.________
When
we
look
at
a
face
or
a
picture,
our
eyes
pause
on
one
spot
at
a
time,
often
on
the
eyes
or
mouth.
These
pauses
typically
occur
at
about
three
per
second,
and
the
eyes
then
jump
to
another
spot,
until
several
important
points
in
the
image
are
registered
like
a
series
of
snapshots.
How
the
whole
image
is
then
assembled
and
perceived
is
still
a
mystery
although
it
is
the
subject
of
current
research.
45.________
In
people
who
score
high
in
a
test
of
neuroticism,
a
personality
dimension
associated
with
self-consciousness
and
anxiety,
eye
contact
triggered
more
activity
associated
with
avoidance,
according
to
the
Finnish
researcher
Jari
Hietanen
and
colleagues.
Our
findings
indicate
that
people
do
not
only
feel
different
when
they
are
the
centre
of
attention
but
that
their
brain
reactions
also
differ-“
A
more
direct
finding
is
that
people
who
scored
high
for
negative
emotions
like
anxiety
looked
at
others
for
shorter
periods
of
time
and
reported
more
comfortable
feelings
when
others
did
not
look
directly
at
them.Part
C
Translation
Directions:
Read
the
following
text
carefully
and
then
translate
the
underlined
segments
into
Chinese.
Your
translation
should
be
written
neatly
on
the
ANSWER
SHEET.
(10
points)
Following
the
explosion
of
creativity
in
Florence
during
the
14th
century
known
as
the
Renaissance,
the
modern
world
saw
a
departure
from
what
it
had
once
known.
It
turned
from
God
and
the
authority
of
the
Roman
Catholic
Church
and
instead
favoured
a
more
humanistic
approach
to
being.
Renaissance
ideas
had
spread
throughout
Europe
well
into
the
17th
century,
with
the
arts
and
sciences
flourishing
extraordinarily
among
those
with
a
more
logical
disposition.
46.With
（the
gap
between）
the
church＇s
teachings
and
ways
of
thinking
being
eclipsed
by
the
Renaissance,
the
gap
between
the
medieval
and
modern
periods
had
been
bridged,
leading
to
new
and
unexplored
intellectual
territories.
During
the
Renaissance,
the
great
minds
of
Nicolaus
Copernicus,
Johannes
Kepler
and
Galileo
Galilei
demonstrated
the
power
of
scientific
study
and
discovery.
47.
Before
each
of
their
revelations,
many
thinkers
at
the
time
had
sustained
more
ancient
ways
of
thinking,
including
the
geocentric
view
that
the
Earth
was
at
the
centre
of
our
universe.
Copernicus
theorized
in
1543
that
in
actual
fact,
all
of
the
planets
that
we
knew
of
revolved
not
around
the
Earth,
but
the
Sun,
a
system
that
was
later
upheld
by
Galileo
at
his
own
expense.
Offering
up
such
a
theory
during
a
time
of
high
tension
between
scientific
and
religious
minds
was
branded
as
heresy,
and
any
such
heretics
that
continued
to
spread
these
lies
were
to
be
punished
by
imprisonment
or
even
death.
Galileo
was
excommunicated
by
the
Church
and
imprisoned
for
life
for
his
astronomical
observations
and
his
support
of
the
heliocentric
principle.
48.
Despite
attempts
by
the
Church
to
strong-arm
this
new
generation
of
logicians
and
rationalists,
more
explanations
for
how
the
universe
functioned
were
being
made,
and
at
a
rate
that
the
people-including
the
Church
-could
no
longer
ignore.
It
was
with
these
great
revelations
that
a
new
kind
of
philosophy
founded
in
reason
was
born.
The
Church＇s
long-standing
dogma
was
losing
the
great
battle
for
truth
to
rationalists
and
scientists.
This
very
fact
embodied
the
new
ways
of
thinking
that
swept
through
Europe
during
most
of
the
17th
century.
49.
As
many
took
on
the
duty
of
trying
to
integrate
reasoning
and
scientific
philosophies
into
the
world.
The
Renaissance
was
over
and
it
was
time
for
a
new
era-the
Age
of
Reason.
The
17th
and
18th
centuries
were
times
of
radical
change
and
curiosity.
Scientific
method,
reductionism
and
the
questioning
of
Church
ideals
was
to
be
encouraged,
as
were
ideas
of
liberty,
tolerance
and
progress.
50.
Such
actions
to
seek
knowledge
and
to
understand
what
information
we
already
knew
were
captured
by
the
Latin
phrase
＇sapere
aude
＇
or
＇
dare
to
know＇,
after
Immanuel
Kant
used
it
in
his
essay
An
Answer
to
the
Question:
What
is
Enlightenment?
It
was
the
purpose
and
responsibility
of
great
minds
to
go
forth
and
seek
out
the
truth,
which
they
believed
to
be
founded
in
knowledge.Section
IV
Writing
Part
A
51.Directions:
The
Student
Union
of
your
university
has
assigned
you
to
inform
theinternational
students
an
upcoming
singing
contest.
Write
a
notice
in
about100
words.
Write
your
answer
on
the
ANSWER
SHEET.
Do
not
use
your
name
in
the
notice.Part
B
52:
Directions:
Write
an
essay
of
160-200
words
based
on
the
picture
below.
In
your
essay,
you
should:
1)
Describe
the
picture
briefly;
2)
Interpret
the
implied
meaning,
and
3)
Give
your
comments
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