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  • 美国文学复习资料

  • 来源:创业找项目
  • 时间:2018-05-06
  • 移动端:美国文学复习资料
  • 篇一:美国文学史及选读复习资料

    美国文学史复习1(colonialism)

    第一部分 殖民主义时期的文学

    一、时期综述

    1、清教徒采用的文学体裁:a、narratives 日记 b、journals 游记

    2、清教徒在美国的写作内容:

    1)their voyage to the new land

    2) Adapting themselves to unfamiliar climates and crops

    3) About dealing with Indians

    4) Guide to the new land, endless bounty, invitation to bold spirit

    3、清教徒的思想:

    1)puritan want to make up pure their religious beliefs and practices 净化信仰和行为方式

    2) Wish to restore simplicity to church and the authority of the Bible to the theology. 重建教堂,提供简单服务,建立神圣地位

    3)look upon themselves as chosen people, and it follow logically that anyone who challenged their way of life is opposing God's will and is not to be accepted. 认为自己是上帝选民,对他们的生活有异议就是反对上帝

    4)puritan opposition to pleasure and the arts sometimes has been exaggerated. 反对对快乐和艺术的追求到了十分荒唐的地步 5)religious teaching tended to emphasize the image of a wrathful God.强调上帝严厉的一面,忽视上帝仁慈的一面。

    4、典型的清教徒: John Cotton & Roger William

    他们的不同:John Cotton was much more concerned with authority than with democracy; William begins the history of religious toleration in America.

    5、William的宗教观点:Toleration did not stem from a lack of religious convictions. Instead, it sprang from the idea that simply to be virtuous in conduct and devout in belief did not give anyone the right to force belief on others. He also felt that no political order or church system could

    identify itself directly with God. 行为上的德,信仰上的诚,并没有给任何人强迫别人该如何行事的权利。没有任何政治秩序和教会体制能够直接体现神本身的意旨。

    6、英国最早移民到美国的诗人:Anne Bradstreet

    7、在殖民时期最好的清教徒诗人:the best of Puritan poets is Edward Tayor.

    学习指南:

    1、Could you give a description of American Puritans? 关于美国清教徒的描绘

    Like their brothers back in England, were idealists, believing that the church should be restored to the "purity" of the first-century church as established by Jesus Christ himself. To them religion was a matter of primary importance. They made it their chief business to see that man lived and thought and acted in a way which tended to the glory of God. They accepted the doctrine of predestination, original sin and total depravity, and limited atonement through a special infusion of grace from God, all that John Calvin, the great French theologian who lived in Geneva had preached. It was this kind of religious belief that they brought with them into the wildness. There they meaant to prove that were God's chosen people enjoying his blessings on this earth as in Heaven.

    2、earliest American writing.

    3、4、美国文学史复习2(reason and revolution)

    (2009-01-17 15:54:25)

    一、美国的性质:

    The war for Independence ended in the formation of a Federative bourgeois democratic republic - the United States of America. 联邦的资产阶级民主共和国--美利坚合众国。

    二、代表作家:

    1、Benjamin Franklin 本杰明·富兰克林 1706-1790

    1)"Poor Richard's Almanac" 穷人查理德的年鉴 annual collection of proverbs 流行谚语集

    It soon became the most popular book of its kind, largely because of Franklin's shrewd humor, and first spread his reputation

    2) Founded the Junto, a club for informal discussion of scientific, economic and political ideas. 建立了一个秘密俱乐部,讨论的主题是政治、经济和科学等时事方面的问题

    3)established America's first circulating library, founded the college--University of Pennsylvania. 建立了美国第一个可租借的图书馆,还创办了一所大学——就是现在的宾夕法尼亚大学。

    4)first applied the terms "positive" and "negative" to electrical charges.

    5)As a representative of the Colonies, he tried in vain to counsel the British toward policies that would let America grow and flourish in association with England. He conducted the difficulty negotiations with France that brought financial and military support for America in the war. 作为殖民地的代表,他不断建议英国改变政策,使美国可以和英国一起发展、繁荣。他说服法国支持美国的独立战争。

    6)As an author he had power of expression, simplicity, a subtle humor, sarcastic.作为作家具有非凡的才能,表达简洁明了,幽默,讽刺天才、

    7)The Way to Wealth 致富之道The Autobiography自传 18世纪美国唯一流传至今的自传

    2、Thomas Paine 托马斯·佩因 1737-1809 "Great Common of Mankind" 最平凡的人

    1)famous pamphlet "Common Sense" 著名的政治小册子《常识》 it boldly advocated a "Declaration for Independence", and brought the separatist agitation to a crisis. 拥护独立宣言,是分裂活动发展成最后危机。

    2)"American Crisis" 《美国危机》,signed "Common Sense" (p31,第一段)

    The Case of the Officers of Excise税务员问题;Common Sense常识;American Crisis美国危机;Rights of Man人的权利:Downfall of Despotism专制体制的崩溃;The Age of Reason理性时代

    3、Thomas Jefferson 托马斯·杰弗逊

    1)drafted the Declaration of Independence. 起草了独立宣言

    2)与清教徒不同,主张追求幸福。All Men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights, that among these are Life, Liberty and the Pursuit of happiness. 人人生而平等,他们都从―造物主‖那边被赋予了某些不可转让的权利,其中包括生命权、自由权和追求幸福的权利。

    4、Philip Freneau 菲利普·费瑞诺 poet and political journalist 诗人和政治方面的新闻记者

    1)perhaps the most outstanding writer of the post-revolutionary period.

    2)has been called the "Father of American Poetry" 美国诗歌之父

    The Rising Glory of America蒸蒸日上的美洲;The British Prison Ship英国囚船;To the Memory of the Brave Americans纪念美国勇士-----同类诗中最佳;The Wild Honeysuckle野生的金银花;The Indian Burying Ground印第安人殡葬地

    学习指南:

    1、Politics was the next great suject to command the attention of the best minds.

    2、Freneau was by training and taste ye romantic in essential spirit.

    美国文学史复习3(Romanicism)

    (2009-01-17 18:58:09)

    一、文学特征:

    1、Environment:

    1)shaped by their New World environment 美洲大陆新环境

    2)array of ideas inherited from the romantic traditons of Europe 欧洲早期浪漫主义思潮

    2、美国文学特点:

    pluralistic多元化 manifestations varied 表现形式多样 Individualistic个人主义 conflicting 矛盾

    3、Romanticism的特点:frequently shared certain general characteristics, moral enthusiam, faith in the value of individualism and intuitive perception, and a presumption that he natural

    world was a source of corruption.浪漫主义之间大多是相通的,都注重道德,强调个人主义价值观和直觉感受,并且认为自然是美的源头,人类社会是腐败之源。

    4、Transcendentalism 超验主义

    1)as a moral philosophy, transcendentalism was neither logical nor systematized. It exalted feeling over reason, individual expression over the restraints of law and custom.不讲逻辑,不讲系统,只强调超越理性的感受,超越法律和世俗束缚的个人表达。

    2)they spoke for cultural rejuvenation and against the materialism of American society.呼吁文化复兴,反对美国社会的拜金主义。

    3)they believe in the transcendence of "over soul", an all-pervading power for goodness from which all things come and of which all things are a part. 相信精神上的超越,相信无所不能的善的力量,强调善为万物之源。

    4)it could exercise a healthy and restorative influence on the human mind. ―Go back to nature, sink yourself back into its influence and you’ll become spiritually whole again.‖ The natural implication of all this was, of course, that things in nature tended to become symbolic, and the physical world was a symbol of the spiritual. This in turn added to the tradition of literary symbolism in American literature.

    5)代表人物:Emerson爱默生,believed that man was a part of absolute good。人性本善 Thoreau 梭 罗,beheld divinity in the ―unspotted innocence‖ of nature. 自然才是神圣的―洁白无瑕‖

    5、Literary forms文学形式:Novels, short stories, and poems replaced sermons and

    manifestos as America’s principal literary forms.长篇小说、短篇故事和诗歌取代说教类及宣言类作品成为美国主要的文学形式。

    6、Imaginative literature想象类文学

    7、戏剧化特色的野性讽喻了时代的道德准则。

    8、American literature. 逃离社会,回到自然成为了美国文学永恒的创作习惯。

    9、interest in America’s language. In 1828 . American character 受民族主义影响,作家的目光转向了美国本土的语言,具有美国特征的本土方言开始在诗歌和小说中大量涌现。

    10、At mid-century a cultural reawakening brought a ―.‖ Led by

    Hawthorne, Emerson, and Thoreau. New England → Transcendentalism, 从新英格兰文学到超验主义。

    二、代表作家:

    1、Washington Irving华盛顿.欧文 the first great belletrist 第一个纯文学作家,划线部分为三个主要contribution

    ① the first great prose stylist of American romanticism. 美国第一位浪漫主义散文文体作家 ②―Sketch Book‖《见闻札记》, the first modern short stories and the first great American juvenile literature.现代文学史上第一部短篇小说和美国第一部伟大的青少年文学读物。 ③Irving restored the waning Gothic romances which Poe soon infused with psychological

    subtleties.重振了没落的哥特式浪漫主义小说,随后坡在此基础上,把心理学的一些知识融入了这种体裁。

    ④―Legends of the Conquest of Spain‖《西班牙征服记》

    A History of New York 纽约的历史-----美国人写的第一部诙谐文学杰作;

    The Sketch Book见闻札记The Legend of Sleepy Hollow睡谷的传说-----使之成为美国第一个获得国际声誉的作家;Bracebridge Hall布雷斯布里奇田庄;Talks of Travellers旅客谈;The Alhambra阿尔罕伯拉

    2、James Fenimore Cooper 詹姆斯.芬尼莫.库珀

    ①contribution: launched two kinds of immensely popular stories → the sea adventure tale and the frontier saga 开创了两种流传极广的小说体裁,边疆传奇小说和海上传奇小说。

    ②―Leatherstocking Tales‖《皮袜子故事集》,包括―The Deerslayer‖《杀鹿者》、―The Last of the Mohicans‖《最后的莫希干人》、―The Pathfinder‖《探路人》、―The Pioneers‖《拓荒者》、―The Prairie‖《大草原》, regard as ―the nearest approach yet to an American epic.‖ 被认为是迄今为止美国最接近史诗的作品。

    ③the central figure in the novels, Natty Bumppo. 小说的中心人物,纳蒂.班波

    Judge Temple: man remain savage without law and order

    The Spy 间谍 The Pilot 领航者The Littlepage Manuscripts利特佩奇的手稿

    3、William Cullen Bryant 威廉.卡伦.布莱恩特 poet 诗人

    ①as Irving had shown that American prose had cone of age, so Bryant demonstrated to European readers that American poetry was ready to demand serious attention.当欧文预示美国散文时代的到来时,布莱恩特向欧洲读者证实了美国的诗歌达到相当高的水平。

    ②He was the first American to gain the stature of a major poet.第一个获得美国主要诗人称号的作家。

    ③ ―To a Waterfowl‖《致水鸟》the most perfect brief poem in the language. 用美国英语写作的最完美的短诗。

    4、Edgar Allan Poe 埃德加.阿伦.坡

    ①show his true talents as an editor, poet, literary critic. 编辑、诗人、文学评论家。

    ②Graham’s Magazine 格雷厄姆杂志(坡的工作场所)

    ③―The Fall of the House of Usher‖《鄂谢府崩溃记》、―The Raven‖《乌鸦》the title poem of a collection,

    ―Tales of the Grotesque and Arabesque‖《述异集》first collection of short stories. 第一部短篇小说集。

    ④often use grotesque or fantastic events.擅长描写哥特式和幻想类的小说。

    5、Ralph Waldo Emersion 拉尔夫.沃尔多.爱默生

    ①be responsible for bringing Transcendentalism to New England, 是把超验主义引入新英格兰的先驱。

    ②Emerson believed above all in individualism个人主义, independence of mind思想独立, and self-reliance自强.

    ③作品:―Nature‖《论自然》、―Essays‖《随笔录》、 ―The American Scholar‖《美国学者》, our intellectual Declaration of Independence.我们知识分子的独立宣言。

    ④his most important works are ―Representative Men ‖《代表》and ―English Traits‖《英国人》、―Poems‖《诗集》

    ⑤摘自《论自然》:Standing on the bare ground, -my head bathed by the blithe air, and uplifted into infinite space, -all mean egotism vanishes. I become a transparent eye-ball. 人形的约束没有了。

    6、Hey David Thoreau 亨利.戴维.梭罗

    ①Emerson’s truest disciple. Put into practice many of Emerson’s theories 爱默生最忠实的信徒,把爱默生的许多理论付诸于实践。

    ②―In Walden‖《沃尔登》成名作。―Civil Disobedience‖《平民反抗》essay 随笔。非暴力不合作

    ③教义:I would not have anyone adopt my mode of living, each should find out his own way, not his neighbor’s or his parents. 我不希望人们接受我的生活模式,每一个都应该发现自己的生活方式,不是邻居的,也不是他父母的。

    ★7、Nathaniel Hawthorne 纳萨尼尔.霍桑

    ①background: one of his ancestors was Judge Hathorne, who harm a person.曾经有个做法官的祖辈害人。

    ②―The House of the Seven Gables‖七尖角阁房,是霍桑著名神秘小说中的一个房屋名称。 ③he reveals the depth of his concern with the dark side of Puritanism, the harshness and the

    persecutions.对清教徒阴暗面的深切关注,认为清教徒的戒行过于森严,对不同信仰人的迫害过于残酷。

    ④―Mosses from an Old Manse‖《古厦青苔》、―The Marble Faun‖《玉石神像》

    ⑤特点⑴unique gift was for the creation of strongly symbolic stories which touch the deepest roots of man’s moral nature. 独特才能主要表现在他能够通过一些极具象征意义的故事来触摸人类灵魂深处的道德品质。

    ⑵his ability to create vivid and symbolic images that embody great moral questions appears

    strongly in his short stories. 短篇小说里,通过活生生、极具有象征意义的想象来体现人类社会的一些重大道德问题。

    ⑶to make a story exist in its own right but at the same time appear as a moral symbol.杰出之处在于他能把一个故事安放在自己设置的正义标准之中来讲述,他书中的正义标准成为当时人们的道德参考。

    ⑥(课堂笔记提及的)―The Scarlet Letter‖《红字》

    ⑴女主角honest, calmly face fault 诚实,坦然的面对罪过。

    ⑵弗洛伊德人格理论:Id 本我 → 欲望,只要快乐 →Roger 女主角的丈夫

    Ego 自我 → 分辨对错,受约束,符合现实 →Hester 女主角

    Superego 超我 → →Dim 女主角的情人,牧师

    ⑶女主角的自我成长和自我救赎的过程。Ego growth and redeem by her own of process

    ⑦―The Scarlet Letter‖analysis分析:it not a praise of a Hester sinning, but a hymn on the moral growth of the woman when sinned against. Young Hester borders on being licentious. Her drive is sexual. She does her best to keep her hold on the magic chain humanity. Her life eventually

    acquires a real significance when she reestablishes a meaningful relationship with her fellowmen Symbolic of her moral development is the gradual imperceptible change with the scarlet letter undergoes in meaning. At first it is a token of shame, ―Adultery‖ but then the genuine sympathy and help Hester offered to her fellow villagers’ changes it to ―Able‖. Later in the story, the letter A appears in the sky, signifying ―Angel‖. There is reason to agree with the critical observation that A may represent Adamic, or prehistoric, an archetypal vice suggestive of ―original sin,‖ Dimmesdale, on the other hand, banishes himself form society. Deeply preoccupied with himself, he lives a stranger among his admirers. The result is that, whereas Hester is able to reconstruct her life and win a moral victory, Dimmesdale undergoes the tragic experience of physical and spiritual

    disintegration. Between him and Hester they point to a moral as Hawthorne may intend them to do, that the best policy for man is to be true, honest, and ever ready to show one’s worst to the outside world.

    ★8、Herman Melville 赫尔曼.麦尔维尔

    ①―Moby Dick‖《白鲸》,a tremendous chronicle of whaling voyage in pursuit of a seemingly supernatural white whale.主要讲述了一个为追捕一只想象中的神秘白鲸的漫长海上故事。②The book is steeped in symbolism. 本书达到了象征主义手法的创作高峰。③主人公:Ishmael,取自圣经。④在书中说:to write a mighty book you must have a mighty theme. 写一部宏大的著作,必须有一个宏大的主题。⑤故事人物:Captain Ahab.船长阿哈比;Queequeg,捕鲸人奎因奎格,was a friendly person;⑥the rebellious struggle of Captain Ahab against the

    overwhelming, mysterious vastness of the universe and its awesome, sometimes merciless forces. The fitting symbol for his theme was the ―gliding great demon of the seas of life.‖阿哈比舰长和各种危险之间的激烈斗争,他同那些强大的、神秘的自然展开斗争,他们令人毛骨悚然,有时还冷酷无情。他把那只大白鲸贴切的比喻为―生命海洋中滑行的恶魔‖。

    ⑦―Moby Dick‖:one of the major themes in Melville is alienation, which he sensed existing in the life of his time on different levels, between man and man, man and society, and man and

    nature. Captain Ahab seems to be the best illustration of it all. The voyage itself is a metaphor for ―search and discovery, the search for the ultimate truth of experience.‖ He had Ahab topmost in his mind. In a sense Ahab embodies all of the evil he once consigned to Moby Dick.

    9、Hey Wadsworth Longfellow 亨利.沃兹沃思.朗费罗 poet 诗人

    ①it would be hard, also, to overestimate the importance of his anthology ―The Poets and Poetry of Europe‖. His own poetry became a means of teaching readers of his day something of the possible range of poetic subject matter and techniques, ancient, medieval, and modern. 《欧洲诗人及诗》不能把这部作品估计过高。他自己的诗歌成为了他教学的材料,在书中他讲述了诗的主题和一些写作技巧。从古代的,中世纪的一直到现代的诗歌,他都一一作了阐述。 ②殊荣:he became the only American to be honored with a bust in the Poet’s corner of

    Westminster Abbey.朗费罗被安葬在威斯敏斯特教堂的诗人之角,他也是美国惟一获此殊荣的诗人。

    ③The gentleness, sweetness, and purity for his poetry was popular during his lifetime. 他的诗歌因高雅宜人、纯正有韵味而大受欢迎。

    ④he was consistently high-minded but conventional, and untouched by the religious and social struggles that disturbed his contemporaries. 他接受正统的思想,但并不保守。他的思想没有受到当时社会、宗教和各种政治斗争的影响。

    ⑤特点:exercised a great influence in bringing European culture to the U.S., and likewise did much to popularize American folk themes abroad where his work was immensely popular and widely translated.在引进欧洲文化上起巨大推动作用,也把美国民间文化传播到国外,他的作品还被翻译成多种文字,在海外受到高度评

    美国文学史复习4(Realism)

    (2009-01-17 19:44:25)

    一、Background

    1)Mechanization 机器化

    2)Urbanization 城市化

    篇二:英语专业美国文学复习资料

    篇三:美国文学复习资料

    1.Puritanism清教主义1)predestination:2)original sin and total depravity3)limited atonement4)theocracy

    2.清教主义对美国文学的影响1)Its optimism and a group of good qualities—hard work, thrift, piety has exerted a great influence on american literature.2)It led to an everlasting myth, all american literature was based on the myth of Garden of Eden3)Puritan’s metaphisical mode of perception led to a literary symbolism which is distinctly American

    3.对自传的评价1)The Autobiography is, first of all, a Puritan document. It is a record of self-examination and self-improvement. 2)The Autobiography is also an eloquent elucidation of the fact that Benjamin Franklin was spokesman for the new order of 18th century enlightenment, and that he represented in America all its ideas, that man is basically good and free, by nature endowed by God with certain inalienable rights of liberty and the pursuit of happiness.

    4.分析野生金银花The wild honeysuckle1)In the poem the poet expresses his keen awareness of the loveliness and transience of nature .he not only meditated on mortality but also celebrated nature.It implies that life and death are inevitable law of nature.2)the poem showed strong feelings for the natural beauty,which was the characteristic of romantic poets. 3)The poem was written in six-line iambic tetrameter stanzas rhymed on ababcc pattern

    5.浪漫主义时期的特点Characteristics1)For romantics, the feelings, intuitions and emotions were more important than reason and common sense. 2)They stressed the close relationship between man and nature. 3)They emphasized individualism, placing the individual against authority.

    4)They affirmed the inner life of the self, ad wanted each person to be free to develop and express his own inner thoughts.5)They cherished strong interest in the past.6)They were attracted by the wild, the irregular, the indefinite, the remote, the mysterious and the strange.

    6.浪漫主义的主要特点Main Features1)Difference from their European counterparts:American romantics tended to moralize, rather than to entertain. 2)An entirely new experience:the exotic landscape, the frontier life, the westward expansion, the myth of a New Garden of Eden in America, and the Puritan heritage, which produced a feeling of ?newness?.

    7.对瑞普凡作品的评价Rip Van Winkle1)so famous, a part of the American cultural tradition2)marks a distinct step in the development of the short-story 3)from a German source---changed the setting and added conflicts of his own to make it American

    8.分析瑞普凡温克尔1)Superficially, the conflict between husband and wife was presented in the story. In fact, the writer tries to express his idea: the conflict between different ideas of value.

    2)Rip Van Winkle is representative of all romantic persons.3)It focuses on rip?s confused state of mind when waking from his twenty year?s sleeping. The confusion is the true feflection of the psychological difficuties of the Americans in understanging their own recent national history4) It reveals irving?s own creative process and the literary production in America at that time

    9.分析睡谷传说中心思想The theme of “sleepy hollow1)It is an amusing tale about the conflict between Icabod and Brom. Icabod is a bookworm and has the supposed traits such as frailty and cowardice. Brom is unthinking and rough but not without his cleverness and mischief. The contrast seems to point toward a conflict between pretentious intellectualism and anti-intellectualism. Neither wins the heart of the readers, but brom wins the girl.2)The writer tries to reveal the superiority of the serene village over the noisy modern citied. He described the bumper harvest in lively and light words. The schoolmaster was described vividly. With his shrewdness, self-assertiveness and cowardice, he is described as an interloper, a destructive force.

    In the end, he is driven away from where he does not belong., and the serene village remains permanently good and happy.

    10.分析The Last of the Mohicans:The recurring description of Uncas as “the last of the Mohicans” symbolizes the death of Indian culture at the hands of the encroaching European civilization. The title anticipates the ultimate tragedy of the novel's plot.

    11.最后的莫西干人主题思想The Last of the Mohicans 1)interracial Love and Friendship/The Last of the Mohicans is a novel about race and the difficulty of overcoming racial divides. Cooper suggests that interracial mingling is both desirable and dangerous. Cooper lauds the genuine and longtime friendship between Hawkeye, a white man, and Chingachgook, a Mohican Indian. Hawkeye and Chingachgook's shared communion with nature transcends race, enabling them to team up against Huron enemies and to save white military leaders like Heyward. 2)On the other hand, though, Cooper shows his conviction that interracial romances are doomed and undesirable. The interracial love of Uncas and Cora ends in tragedy, and the forced interracial relationship between Cora and Magua is portrayed as unnatural.

    12.评论作品沃尔登Comment on Walden:Between the end of March 1845 and July4, Thoreau constructed a cabin on the shore of Walden Pond, near Concord. There he lived alone until September 1847, supplying his needs by his own labor and developing and testing his transcendental philosophy of individualism, self-reliance and material economy for the sake of spiritual wealth.

    13.七个尖角阁房子的主题The House of the Seven Gables:the wrong doing of one generation lives into successive ones. Evil will come out evil though it may take many generations to happen.

    14.红字A的象征意义Symbolic meaning of the letter “A”:“A” at first it is a token of shame, “adultery”; but then the genuine sympathy and help Hester offered to her fellow villagers changes it to “Able”. Later in the story, the letter “A” appears in the sky, signifying “Angel”. It may also represent Adam, an archetypal vice suggestive of “original sin”.

    15.评价这部小说红字的中心思想Evaluation of the novel:It is not a praise of a Hester Prynne sinning, but a hymn on the moral growth of the woman when sinned against. What Hawthorne was predominantly concerned with was the moral, emotional, and psychological effect of the sin on the people in general and those complicated in it in particular. Her life acquires a real significance when she reestablishes a meaningful relationship with her fellowmen

    16.白鲸的象征意义Moby Dick

    Different people on board the ship are representations of different ideas and different social and ethnic groups.The pequod is the microcosm of human society and the voyage becomes a search for truth.The white whale,Moby Dick symbolizes nature for Melville for it is complex,and beautiful as well.For Ahab,it represents only evil.It is like a wall hiding some unknown mysterious things behind.For the reader and Ishmael,the narrate it is a mystery,an ultimate mystery of the unverse,and the voyage will forever remain a search of the truth.

    17.五部曲The Deerslayer The Last of the Mohicans The Pathfinder The Pioneers The Prairie .

    18.分析TO Helen:

    The three beauties in ancient Greek mythology are mentioned to show that beauty is something that existed.It is very holy but hard to reach.

    Helen 主题:Beauty is truth and leads to spiritual oneness and artristic integrity.It expresses his pursuit and sincere devotion to beauty.

    19.Edgar Allan Poe theory of poetry1) His poetic theories are remarkable in their clarity.2)

    theory:The poem should be short, readable at one sitting (or as long as “The Raven”). Its chief aim is beauty, namely, to produce a feeling of beauty in the reader.3) He calls for “pure” poetr.4) He stresses rhythm.

    20.艾默生对待自然的态度Emerson?s attitude toward nature:Emerson loves nature. His nature is the garment of the over-soul, symbolic and moral bound. Nature is not something purely of the matter, but alive with God?s presence. It exercise a healthy and restorative influence on human beings. Children can see nature better than adult.

    21.艾默生的超验主义Emerson?s transcendentalism:The over-soul—it is an all-pervading power goodness, from which all things come and of which all are a part. It is a supreme reality of mind, a spiritual unity of all beings and a religion. It is a communication between an individual soul and the universal over-soul. And he strongly believe in the divinity and infinity of man as an individual, so man can totally rely on himself.

    22.新英格兰的超验主义New England Transcendentalism:Transcendentalism—it is a philosophic and literary movement that flourish in New England, as a reaction against rationalism and Calvinism. It stressed intuitive understanding of god without the help of the church, and advocated independence of the mind1. It is the summit of American Romanticism.2.Leaders: Emerson and Thoreau3.Manifesto:Nature written by Ralph Waldo Emerson in 1836, which is regarded as the Bible of New England Transcendentalism.4.Club:Transcendentalist Club5.Journal:The Dial6. Sources: German idealism,Transcendentalism, and American Puritanism.7.Major features (ideas):1) Placing emphasis on spirit,or the Oversoul, as the most important thing in the universe.--a new way of looking at the world2) Stressing the importance of the individual—self-reliance.--a new way of looking at man3)Offering fresh perception of nature as symbolic of the spirit or God. (Nature was not purely matter. It was alive,filled with God?s overwhelming presence.It was the garment of the Oversoul.)The individual soul communed with the Oversoul and was therefore divine.

    23.The Theme of The Pioneers/wilderness vs. civilization, freedom vs. law, order vs. change, aristocrat vs. democrat, natural rights vs. legal rights


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