2019考研英语真题

2019
年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语(一)真题Section
I
Use
of
EnglishDirections:
Read
the
following
text.
Choose
the
best
word
(s)
for
each
numbered
blank
and
mark
A,
B,
C
or
D
on
the
ANSWER
SHEET.
(10
points)
Today
we
live
in
a
world
where
GPS
systems,
digital
maps,
and
other
navigation
apps
are
available
on
our
smart
phone1of
us
just
walk
straight
into
the
woods
without
a
phone.
But
phones2on
batteries,
and
batteries
can
die
faster
than
we
realize.
3
you
get
lost
without
a
phone
or
a
compass,
and
you
4

can`t
find
north,
a
few

tricks
to
help
you
navigate
5
to
civilization,
one
of
which
is
to
follow
the
land.
When
you
find
yourself
well
6
a
trail,
but
not
in
a
completely
7

area,
you
have
to
answer
two
questions:
Which

8is
downhill,
in
this
particular
area?
And
where
is
the
nearest
water
source?
Humans
overwhelminglylive
in
valleys,
and
on
supplies
of
fresh
water.
9
,
if
you
head
downhill,
and
follow
any
H2O
you
find,
you
should
10
see
signs
of
people.
If
you’ve
explored
the
area
before,
keep
an
eye
out
for
familiar
sights—you
may
be
11
how
quickly
identifying
a
distinctive
rock
or
tree
can
restore
your
bearings.
Another

12

:Climb
high
and
look
for
signs
of
human
habitation.13,even
in
dense
forest,
you
should
able
to
14

gaps
in
the
tree
line
due
to
roads,
train
tracks,
and
other
paths
people
carve

15

the
woods.
Head
toward
these

16

to
find
a
way
out.
At
night,
scan
the
horizon
for

17light
sources,
such
as
fires
and
streetlights,
then
walk
toward
the
glow
of
light
pollution.
18
,assuming
you’re
lost
in
an
area
humans
tend
to
frequent,
look
for
the
19
we
leave
on
the
landscape.
Trail
blazes,
tire
tracks,
and
other
features
can
20
you
to
civilization.
1.
[A]
Some
[B]
Most
[C]
Few
[D]
All
2.
[A]
put
[B]
take
[C]
run
[D]
come
3.
[A]
Since
[B]
If
[C]
Though
[D]
Until
4.
[A]
formally
[B]
relatively
[C]
gradually
[D]
literally
5.
[A]
back
[B]
next
[C]
around
[D]
away
6.
[A]
onto
[B]
off
[C]
across
[D]
alone
7.
[A]
unattractive
[B]
uncrowded
[C]
unchanged
[D]
unfamiliar
8.
[A]
site
[B]
point
[C]
way
[D]
place
9.
[A]
So
[B]
Yet
[C]
Instead
[D]
Besides
10.[A]
immediately
[B]
intentionally
[C]
unexpectedly
[D]
eventually
11.[A]
surprised
[B]
annoyed
[C]
frightened
[D]
confused
12.[A]
problem
[B]
option
[C]
view
[D]
result
13.[A]
Above
all
[B]
In
contrast
[C]
On
average
[D]
For
example
14.[A]
bridge
[B]
avoid
[C]
spot
[D]
separate
15.[A]
form
[B]
through
[C]
beyond
[D]
under
16.[A]
posts
[B]
links
[C]
shades
[D]
breaks
17.[A]
artificial
[B]
mysterious
[C]
hidden
[D]
limited
18.[A]
Finally
[B]
Consequently
[C]
incidentally
[D]
Generally
19.[A]
memories
[B]
marks
[C]
notes
[D]
belongings
20.[A]
restrict
[B]
adopt
[C]
lead
[D]
exposeSection
II
Reading
Comprehension
Part
A
Directions:
Read
the
following
four
texts.
Answer
the
questions
below
each
text
by
choosing
A,
B,
C
or
D.
Mark
your
answers
on
the
ANSWER
SHEET.
(40
points)
Text
1
Financial
regulators
in
Britain
have
imposed
a
rather
unusual
rule
on
the
bosses
of
big
banks.
Starting
next
year,
any
guaranteed
bonus
of
top
executives
could
be
delayed
10
years
if
their
banks
are
under
investigation
for
wrongdoing.
The
main
purpose
of
this
“clawback”
rule
is
to
hold
bankers
accountable
for
harmful
risk-taking
and
to
restore
public
trust
in
financial
institution.
Yet
officials
also
hope
for
a
much
larger
benefit:
more
long
term
decision-making
not
only
by
banks
but
by
all
corporations,
to
build
a
stronger
economy
for
future
generations.
“Short-termism”
or
the
desire
for
quick
profits,
has
worsened
in
publicly
traded
companies,
says
the
Bank
of
England’s
top
economist.
Andrew
Haldane.
He
quotes
a
giant
of
classical
economics,
Alfred
Marshall,
in
describing
this
financial
impatience
as
acting
like
“Children
who
pick
the
plums
out
of
their
pudding
to
eat
them
at
once”
rather
than
putting
them
aside
to
be
eaten
last.
The
average
time
for
holding
a
stock
in
both
the
United
States
and
Britain,
he
notes,
has
dropped
from
seven
years
to
seven
months
in
recent
decades.
Transient
investors,
who
demand
high
quarterly
profits
from
companies,
can
hinder
a
firm’s
efforts
to
invest
in
long-term
research
or
to
build
up
customer
loyalty.
This
has
been
dubbed
“quarterly
capitalism”
In
addition,
new
digital
technologies
have
allowed
more
rapid
trading
of
equities,
quicker
use
of
information,
and
thus
shorters
attention
spans
in
financial
markets.
“There
seems
to
be
a
predominance
of
short-term
thinking
at
the
expense
of
long-term
investing,”
said
Commissioner
Daniel
Gallagher
of
the
US
Securities
and
Exchange
Commission
in
a
speech
this
week.
In
the
US,
the
Sarbanes-Oxley
Acl
of
2002
has
pushed
most
public
companies
to
defer
performance
bonuses
for
senior
executives
by
about
a
year,
slightly
helping
reduce
“short
-termism
.”
In
its
latest
survey
of
CEO
pay
,The
Wall
Street
Journal
finds
that
“a
substantial
part
”
of
executive
pay
is
now
tied
to
performance
.
Much
more
could
be
done
to
encourage
“long-termism，”
such
as
changes
in
the
tax
code
and
quicker
disclosure
of
stock
acquisitions.
In
France,
shareholders
who
hold
onto
a
company
investment
for
at
least
two
years
can
sometimes
earn
more
voting
rights
in
a
company.
Within
companies,
the
right
compensation
design
can
provide
incentives
for
executives
to
think
beyond
their
own
time
at
the
company
and
on
behalf
of
all
stakeholders.
Britain＇s
new
rule
is
a
reminder
to
bankers
that
society
has
an
interest
in
their
performance,
not
just
for
the
short
term
but
for
the
long
term.21.
According
to
Paragraph
1,
one
motive
in
imposing
the
new
rule
is
the
[A].
enhance
bankers’
sense
of
responsibility
[B].
help
corporations
achieve
larger
profits
[C].
build
a
new
system
of
financial
regulation
[D].
guarantee
the
bonuses
of
top
executives
22.
Alfred
Marshall
is
quoted
to
indicate
[A].
the
conditions
for
generating
quick
profits
[B].
governments’
impatience
in
decision-making
[C].
the
solid
structure
of
publicly
traded
companies
[D].
“short-termism”
in
economic
activities
23.
It
is
argued
that
the
influence
of
transient
investment
on
public
companies
can
be
[A].
indirect
[B].
adverse
[C].
minimal
[D].
temporary
24.
The
US
and
France
examples
and
used
to
illustrate
[A].
the
obstacles
to
preventing
“short-termism”.
[B].
the
significance
of
long-term
thinking.
[C].
the
approaches
to
promoting
“long-termism”.
[D].
the
prevalence
of
short-term
thinking.
25.
Which
of
the
following
would
be
the
best
title
for
the
text?
[A].
Failure
of
Quarterly
Capitalism
[B].
Patience
as
a
Corporate
Virtue
[C].
Decisiveness
Required
of
Top
Executives
[D].
Frustration
of
Risk-taking
BankersText
2
Grade
inflation—the
gradual
increase
in
average
GPAs
(grade-point
averages)
over
the
past
few
decades—is
often
considered
a
product
of
a
consumer
era
in
higher
education,
in
which
students
are
treated
like
customers
to
be
pleased.
But
another,
related
force—a
policy
often
buried
deep
in
course
catalogs
called
“grade
forgiveness”—
is
helping
raise
GPAs.
Grade
forgiveness
allows
students
to
retake
a
course
in
which
they
received
a
low
grade,
and
the
most
recent
grade
or
the
highest
grade
is
the
only
one
that
counts
in
calculating
a
student’s
overall
GPA.
The
use
of
this
little-known
practice
has
accelerated
in
recent
years,
as
colleges
continue
to
do
their
utmost
to
keep
students
in
school
(and
paying
tuition)
and
improve
their
graduation
rates.
When
this
practice
first
started
decades
ago,
it
was
usually
limited
to
freshmen,
to
give
them
a
second
chance
to
take
a
class
in
their
first
year
if
they
struggled
in
their
transition
to
college-level
courses.
But
now
most
colleges,
save
for
many
selective
campuses,
allow
all
undergraduates,
and
even
graduate
students,
to
get
their
low
grades
forgiven.
College
officials
tend
to
emphasize
that
the
goal
of
grade
forgiveness
is
less
about
the
grade
itself
and
more
about
encouraging
students
to
retake
courses
critical
to
their
degree
program
and
graduation
without
incurring
a
big
penalty.
“Untimely,”
said
Jack
Miner,
Ohio
State
University’s
registrar,
“we
see
students
achieve
more
success
because
they
retake
a
course
and
do
better
in
subsequent
contents
or
master
the
content
that
allows
them
to
graduate
on
time.”
That
said,
there
is
a
way
in
which
grade
forgiveness
satisfies
colleges’
own
needs
as
well.
For
public
institutions,
state
funds
are
sometimes
tied
partly
to
their
success
on
metrics
such
as
graduation
rates
and
student
retention—so
better
grades
can,
by
boosting
figures
like
those,
mean
more
money.
And
anything
that
raises
GPAs
will
likely
make
students—who,
at
the
end
of
the
day,
are
paying
the
bill—feel
they’ve
gotten
a
better
value
for
their
tuition
dollars,
which
is
another
big
concern
for
colleges.
Indeed,
grade
forgiveness
is
just
another
way
that
universities
are
responding
to
consumers’
expectations
for
higher
education.
Since
students
and
parents
expect
a
college
degree
to
lead
to
a
job,
it
is
in
the
best
interest
of
a
school
to
turn
out
graduates
who
are
as
qualified
as
possible—or
at
least
appear
to
be.
On
this,
students’
and
colleges’
incentives
seem
to
be
aligned.26.
What
is
commonly
regarded
as
the
cause
of
grade
inflation?
[A].
The
change
of
course
catalogs.
[B].
Students’
indifference
to
GPAS.
[C].
Colleges’
neglect
of
GPAS.
[D].
The
influence
of
consumer
culture.
27.
What
was
the
original
purpose
of
grade
forgiveness?
[A].
To
help
freshmen
adapt
to
college
learning.
[B].
To
maintain
colleges’
graduation
rates.
[C].
To
prepare
graduates
for
a
challenging
future.
[D].
To
increase
universities＇
income
from
tuition.
28.
According
to
Paragraph
5,
grade
forgiveness
enables
colleges
to
[A].
obtain
more
financial
support.
[B].
boost
their
student
enrollments.
[C].
improve
their
teaching
quality.
[D].
meet
local
governments＇
needs.
29.
What
does
the
phrase
“to
be
aligned”(Line
5,
Para.
6)
most
probably
mean?
[A].
To
counterbalance
each
other.
[B].
To
complement
each
other.
[C].
To
be
identical
with
each
other.
[D].
To
be
contradictory
to
each
other.
30.
The
author
examines
the
practice
of
grade
forgiveness
by
[A].
assessing
its
feasibility.
[B].
analyzing
the
causes
behind
it.
[C].
comparing
different
views
on
it.
[D].
listing
its
long-run
effects.Text
3
This
year
marks
exactly
two
centuries
since
the
publication
of
Frankenstein;
or,
The
Modern
Prometheus,
by
Mary
Shelley.
Even
before
the
invention
of
the
electric
light
bulb,
the
author
produced
a
remarkable
work
of
speculative
fiction
that
would
foreshadow
many
ethical
questions
to
be
raised
by
technologies
yet
to
come.
Today
the
rapid
growth
of
artificial
intelligence
(AI)
raises
fundamental
questions:
“What
is
intelligence,
identity,
or
consciousness?
What
makes
humans
humans?”
What
is
being
called
artificial
general
intelligence,
machines
that
would
imitate
the
way
humans
think,
continues
to
evade
scientists.
Yet
humans
remain
fascinated
by
the
idea
of
robots
that
would
look,
move,
and
respond
like
humans,
similar
to
those
recently
depicted
on
popular
sci-fi
TV
series
such
as
“West
world”
and
“Humans”.
Just
how
people
think
is
still
far
too
complex
to
be
understood,
let
alone
reproduced,
says
David
Eagleman,
a
Stanford
University
neuroscientist.
“We
are
just
in
a
situation
where
there
are
no
good
theories
explaining
what
consciousness
actually
is
and
how
you
could
ever
build
a
machine
to
get
there.”
But
that
doesn’t
mean
crucial
ethical
issues
involving
AI
aren’t
at
hand.
The
coming
use
of
autonomous
vehicles,
for
example,
poses
thorny
ethical
questions.
Human
drivers
sometimes
must
make
split-second
decisions.
Their
reactions
may
be
a
complex
combination
of
instant
reflexes,
input
from
past
driving
experiences,
and
what
their
eyes
and
ears
tell
them
in
that
moment.
AI
“vision”
today
is
not
nearly
as
sophisticated
as
that
of
humans.
And
to
anticipate
every
imaginable
driving
situation
is
a
difficult
programming
problem.
Whenever
decisions
are
based
on
masses
of
data,
“you
quickly
get
into
a
lot
of
ethical
questions,”
notes
Tan
Kiat
How,
chief
executive
of
a
Singapore-based
agency
that
is
helping
the
government
develop
a
voluntary
code
for
the
ethical
use
of
AI.
Along
with
Singapore,
other
governments
and
mega-corporations
are
beginning
to
establish
their
own
guidelines.
Britain
is
setting
up
a
data
ethics
center.
India
released
its
AI
ethics
strategy
this
spring.
On
June
7
Google
pledged
not
to
“design
or
deploy
Al”
that
would
cause
“overall
harm,”
or
to
develop
Al-directed
weapons
or
use
AI
for
surveillance
that
would
violate
international
norms.
It
also
pledged
not
to
deploy
AI
whose
use
would
violate
international
laws
or
human
rights.
While
the
statement
is
vague,
it
represents
one
starting
point.
So
does
the
idea
that
decisions
made
by
AI
systems
should
be
explainable,
transparent,
and
fair.
To
put
it
another
way:
How
can
we
make
sure
that
the
thinking
of
intelligent
machines
reflects
humanity’s
highest
values?
Only
then
will
they
be
useful
servants
and
not
Frankenstein’s
out-of-control
monster.31.
Mary
Shelley’s
novel
Frankenstein
is
mentioned
because
it
[A].
fascinates
Al
scientists
all
over
the
world.
[B].
has
remained
popular
for
as
long
as
200
years.
[C].
involves
some
concerns
raised
by
Al
today.
[D].
has
sparked
serious
ethical
controversies
32.
In
David
Eagleman’s
opinion,
our
current
knowledge
of
consciousness
[A].
helps
explain
artificial
intelligence.
[B].
can
be
misleading
to
robot
making.
[C].
inspires
popular
sci-fi
TV
series.
[D].is
too
limited
for
us
to
reproduce
it
33.
The
solution
to
the
ethical
issues
brought
by
autonomous
vehicles
[A].
can
hardly
ever
be
found.
[B].is
still
beyond
our
capacity.
[C].
causes
little
public
concern.
[D].
has
aroused
much
curiosity.
34.
The
author＇s
attitude
toward
Google＇s
pledges
is
one
of
[A].
affirmation
[B].
skepticism.
[C].
contempt
[D].
respect.
35.
Which
of
the
following
would
be
the
best
title
for
the
text?
[A].
Al’s
Future:
In
the
Hands
of
Tech
Giants
[B].
Frankenstein,
the
Novel
Predicting
the
Age
of
Al
[C].
The
Conscience
of
AI:
Complex
But
Inevitable
[D].
AI
Shall
Be
Killers
Once
Out
of
ControlText
4
States
will
be
able
to
force
more
people
to
pay
sales
tax
when
they
make
online
purchases
under
a
Supreme
Court
decision
Thursday
that
will
leave
shoppers
with
lighter
wallets
but
is
a
big
financial
win
for
states.
The
Supreme
Court’s
opinion
Thursday
overruled
a
pair
of
decades-old
decisions
that
states
said
cost
them
billions
of
dollars
in
lost
revenue
annually.
The
decisions
made
it
more
difficult
for
states
to
collect
sales
tax
on
certain
online
purchases.
The
cases
the
court
overturned
said
that
if
a
business
was
shipping
a
customer’s
purchase
to
a
state
where
the
business
didn’t
have
a
physical
presence
such
as
a
warehouse
or
office,
the
business
didn’t
have
to
collect
sales
tax
for
the
state.
Customers
were
generally
responsible
for
paying
the
sales
tax
to
the
state
themselves
if
they
weren’t
charged
it,
but
most
didn’t
realize
they
owed
it
and
few
paid.
Justice
Anthony
Kennedy
wrote
that
the
previous
decisions
were
flawed.
“Each
year
the
physical
presence
rule
becomes
further
removed
from
economic
reality
and
results
in
significant
revenue
losses
to
the
States,”
he
wrote
in
an
opinion
joined
by
four
other
justices.
Kennedy
wrote
that
the
rule
“limited
state’＇
ability
to
seek
long-term
prosperity
and
has
prevented
market
participants
from
competing
on
an
even
playing
field.”
The
ruling
is
a
victory
for
big
chains
with
a
presence
in
many
states,
since
they
usually
collect
sales
tax
on
online
purchases
already.
Now,
rivals
will
be
charging
sales
tax
where
they
hadn’t
before.
Big
chains
have
been
collecting
sales
tax
nationwide
because
they
typically
have
physical
stores
in
whatever
state
a
purchase
is
being
shipped
to.
Amazon.com,
with
its
network
of
warehouses,
also
collects
sales
tax
in
every
state
that
charges
it,
though
third-party
sellers
who
use
the
site
don’t
have
to.
Until
now,
many
sellers
that
have
a
physical
presence
in
only
a
single
state
or
a
few
states
have
been
able
to
avoid
charging
sales
taxes
when
they
ship
to
addresses
outside
those
states.
Sellers
that
use
eBay
and
Etsy,
which
provide
platforms
for
smaller
sellers,
also
haven’t
been
collecting
sales
tax
nationwide.
Under
the
ruling
Thursday,
states
can
pass
laws
requiring
out-of-state
sellers
to
collect
the
state’s
sales
tax
from
customers
and
send
it
to
the
state.
Retail
trade
groups
praised
the
ruling,
saying
it
levels
the
playing
field
for
local
and
online
businesses.
The
losers,
said
retail
analyst
Neil
Saunders,
are
online-only
retailers,
especially
smaller
ones.
Those
retailers
may
face
headaches
complying
with
various
state
sales
tax
laws.
The
Small
Business
&
Entrepreneurship
Council
advocacy
group
said
in
a
statement,
“Small
businesses
and
internet
entrepreneurs
are
not
well
served
at
all
by
this
decision.”
36.
The
Supreme
Court
decision
Thursday
will
[A].
Dette
business’
revolutions
with
states
[B].
put
most
online
business
in
a
dilemma
[C].
make
more
online
shoppers
pay
sales
tax
[D].
force
some
states
to
cut
sales
tax
37.
It
can
be
learned
from
paragraphs
2
and
3
that
the
overruled
decision
[A]
.
have
led
to
the
dominance
of
e-commerce
[B]
.
have
cost
consumers
a
lot
over
the
years
[C].
were
widely
criticized
by
online
purchases
[D].
were
consider
unfavorable
by
states
38.
According
to
Justice
Anthony
Kennedy
,
the
physical
presence
rule
has
[A].
hindered
economic
development
.
[B].
brought
prosperity
to
the
country
[C].
harmed
fair
market
competition
[D].
boosted
growth
in
states’
revenue
39.
Who
are
most
likely
to
welcome
the
Supreme
Court
ruling
[A].
Internet
enterpreneurs
[B].
Big-chair
owners
[C].
Third-party
sellers
[D].
Small
retailers
40.
In
dealing
with
the
Supreme
Court
decision
Thursday,
the
author
[A].
gives
a
factual
account
of
it
and
discusses
its
consequences
[B].
describes
the
long
and
complicated
process
of
its
making
[C].
presents
its
main
points
with
conflicting
views
on
them
[D].
cities
some
saces
related
to
it
and
analyzes
their
implicationsPart
B
Directions:
The
following
paragraphs
are
given
in
a
wrong
order.
For
Questions
41-45,
you
are
required
to
reorganize
these
paragraphs
into
a
coherent
article
by
choosing
from
the
list
A-G
and
filling
them
into
the
numbered
boxes.
Paragraphs
C
and
F
have
been
correctly
placed.
Mark
your
answers
on
ANSWER
SHEET.
(10
points)A.
These
tools
can
help
you
win
every
argument-not
in
the
unhelpful
sense
of
beating
your
opponents
but
in
the
better
sense
of
learning
about
the
issues
that
divide
people.
learning
why
they
disagree
with
us
and
learning
to
talk
and
work
together
with
them.
If
we
readjust
our
view
of
arguments
–from
a
verbal
fight
or
tennis
game
to
a
reasoned
exchange
through
which
we
all
gain
mutual
respect,
and
understanding---then
we
change
the
very
nature
of
what
it
means
to
“win”
an
argument.
B.
Of
course,
many
discussions
are
not
so
successful.
Still,
we
need
to
be
careful
not
to
accuse
opponents
of
bad
arguments
too
quickly.
We
need
to
learn
how
to
evaluate
them
properly.
A
large
part
of
evaluation
is
calling
out
bad
arguments,
but
we
also
need
to
admit
good
arguments
by
opponents
and
to
apply
the
same
critical
standards
to
ourselves.
Humility
requires
you
to
recognize
weakness
in
your
own
arguments
and
sometimes
also
to
accept
reasons
on
the
oppsite
side.
C.
None
of
these
will
be
easy
but
you
can
start
even
if
others
refuse
to.
Next
time
you
state
your
position,
formulate
an
argument
for
what
you
claim
and
honestly
ask
yourself
whether
your
argument
is
any
good.
Next
time
you
talk
with
someone
who
takes
a
stand,
ask
them
to
give
you
a
reason
for
their
view.
Spell
out
their
argument
fully
and
charitably.
Assess
its
strength
impartially.
Raise
objections
and
listen
carefully
to
their
replies.
D.
Carnegie
would
be
right
if
arguments
were
fights,
which
is
how
we
often
think
of
them.
Like
physical
fights,
verbal
fights
can
leave
both
sides
bloodied.
Even
when
you
win,
you
end
up
no
better
off.
Your
prospects
would
be
almost
as
dismal
if
arguments
were
even
just
competitions-like,
say,
tennis
games.
Pairs
of
opponents
hit
the
ball
back
and
forth
until
one
winner
emerges
from
all
who
entered.
Everybody
else
loses.
This
kind
of
thinking
is
why
so
many
people
try
to
avoid
arguments,
especially
about
politics
and
religion.
E.
In
his
1936
work
How
to
Win
Friends
and
Influence
People,
Dale
Carnegie
wrote:
“There
is
only
one
way...to
get
the
best
of
an
argument-and
that
is
to
avoid
it.
“This
aversion
to
arguments
is
common,
but
it
depends
on
a
mistaken
view
of
arguments
that
causes
profound
problems
for
our
personal
and
social
lives-
and
in
many
ways
misses
the
point
of
arguing
in
the
first
place.
F.
These
views
of
arguments
also
undermine
reason.
If
you
see
a
conversation
as
a
fight
or
competition,
you
can
win
by
cheating
as
long
as
you
don’t
get
caught.
You
will
be
happy
to
convince
people
with
bad
arguments.
You
can
call
their
views
stupid,
or
joke
about
how
ignorant
they
are.
None
of
these
tricks
will
help
you
understand
them,
their
positions
or
the
issues
that
divide
you,
but
they
can
help
you
win-in
one
way.
G.
There
is
a
better
way
to
win
arguments.
Imagine
that
you
favor
increasing
the
minimum
wage
in
our
state,
and
I
do
not.
If
you
yell,
“Yes,”and
I
yell.
“No,”
neither
of
us
learns
anything.
We
neither
understand
nor
respect
each
other,
and
we
have
no
basis
for
compromise
or
cooperation.
In
contrast,
suppose
you
give
a
reasonable
argument:
that
full-time
workers
should
not
have
to
live
in
poverty.
Then
I
counter
with
another
reasonable
argument:
that
a
higher
minimum
wage
will
force
businesses
to
employ
fewer
people
for
less
time.
Now
we
can
understand
each
other’s
positions
and
recognize
our
shared
values,
since
we
both
care
about
needy
workers.41.
→42.→
F→
43.
→
44.→
C→45.
Part
C
Directions:
Read
the
following
text
carefully
and
then
translate
the
underlined
segments
into
Chinese.
Your
translation
should
be
written
neatly
on
the
ANSWER
SHEET.
(10
points)It
was
only
after
I
started
to
write
a
weekly
column
about
the
medical
journals,
and
began
to
read
scientific
papers
from
beginning
to
end,
that
I
realized
just
how
bad
of
the
medical
literature
frequently
was.
I
came
to
recognise
various
signs
of
a
bad
paper:
the
kind
of
paper
that
purports
to
show
that
people
who
eat
more
than
one
kilo
of
broccoli
a
week
were
1.17
times
more
likely
than
those
who
eat
less
to
suffer
late
in
life
from
pernicious
anaemia.
46)
There
is
a
great
deal
of
this
kind
of
nonsense
in
the
medical
journals
which,
when
taken
up
by
broadcasters
and
the
lay
press,
generates
both
health
scares
and
short-lived
dietary
enthusiasms.
Why
is
so
much
bad
science
published?
A
recent
paper,
titled
‘The
Natural
Selection
of
Bad
Science”,
published
on
the
Royal
Society’s
open
science
website,
attempts
to
answer
this
intriguing
and
important
question.
It
says
that
the
problem
is
not
merely
that
people
do
bad
science,
but
that
our
current
system
of
career
advancement
positively
encourages
it.
What
is
important
is
not
truth,
but
publication,
which
has
become
almost
an
end
in
itself.
There
has
been
a
kind
of
inflationary
process
at
work:
47)
nowadays
anyone
applying
for
a
research
post
has
to
have
published
twice
the
number
of
papers
that
would
have
been
required
for
the
same
post
only
10
years
ago.
Never
mind
the
quality,
then,
count
the
number.
48)Attempts
have
been
made
to
curb
this
tendency,
for
example,
by
trying
to
incorporate
some
measure
of
quality
as
well
as
quantity
into
the
assessment
of
an
applicant’s
papers.
This
is
the
famed
citation
index,
that
is
to
say
the
number
of
times
a
paper
has
been
quoted
elsewhere
in
the
scientific
literature,
the
assumption
being
that
an
important
paper
will
be
cited
more
often
than
one
of
small
account.
49)
This
would
be
reasonable
if
it
were
not
for
the
fact
that
scientists
can
easily
arrange
to
cite
themselves
in
their
future
publications,
or
get
associates
to
do
so
for
them
in
return
for
similar
favors.
Boiling
down
an
individual’s
output
to
simple
metrics,
such
as
number
of
publications
or
journal
impacts,
entails
considerable
savings
in
time,
energy
and
ambiguity.
Unfortunately,
the
long-term
costs
of
using
simple
quantitative
metrics
to
assess
researcher
merit
are
likely
to
be
quite
great.
50)
If
we
are
serious
about
ensuring
that
our
science
is
both
meaningful
and
reproducible,
we
must
ensure
that
our
institutions
encourage
that
kind
of
science.
46)
There
is
a
great
deal
of
this
kind
of
nonsense
in
the
medical
journals
which,
when
taken
up
by
broadcasters
and
the
lay
press,
generates
both
health
scares
and
short-lived
dietary
enthusiasms.
47)
Nowadays
anyone
applying
for
a
research
post
has
to
have
published
twice
the
number
of
papers
that
would
have
been
required
for
the
same
post
only
10
years
ago.
48)
Attempts
have
been
made
to
curb
this
tendency,
for
example,
by
trying
to
incorporate
some
measure
of
quality
as
well
as
quantity
into
the
assessment
of
an
applicant’s
papers.
49)
This
would
be
reasonable
if
it
were
not
for
the
fact
that
scientists
can
easily
arrange
to
cite
themselves
in
their
future
publication
or
get
associates
to
do
so
for
them
in
return
for
similar
favors.
50)
If
we
are
serious
about
ensuring
that
our
science
is
both
meaningful
and
reproducible,
we
must
ensure
that
our
institutions
encourage
that
kind
of
science.Section
III
Writing
Part
A
51.
Directions：
Suppose
you
are
working
for
the
“Aiding
rural
Primary
School”
project
of
your
university
write
an
email
to
answer
the
inquiry
from
an
international
student
volunteer,
specifying
the
details
of
the
project.
You
should
write
about
100
words
neatly
on
the
ANSEWER
SHEET
Do
not
use
your
own
name
in
the
email.
Use
“Li
Ming”
instead.
(10
points)Part
B
52.
Directions：
Write
an
essay
of
160-200
words
based
on
the
picture
below.
In
your
essay,
you
should1)
describe
the
pictures
briefly2)
interpret
the
meaning
and3)
give
your
commentsYou
should
write
neatly
on
the
ANSWER
SHEET.
(20
points
)
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